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October 31, 2020
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January 2, 2022
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March 10, 2022
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Abstract
The paper is a compendium of the talks delivered in the symposium on ‘Global Neurology: Pediatric Neurology - A Global Perspective’ in the ‘Joint 16th International Child Neurology Society and 49th Child Neurology Society meeting’ held in October 2020. The papers addresses the challenges and opportunities in practicing child neurology from differently resourced settings across the globe. The main objective of this symposium and subsequent paper is to help the readers identify changes they could make in their practice related to learning about the global situation of pediatric neurology and becoming more active in supporting international educational programs. The session/paper also proposes to help identify changes they could make in their practice related to identifying different international outreach programs, directed to improve pediatric neurological care, and finding ways to collaborate. Collaborative efforts are needed across the globe for patient care, research, funding, and seeking locally relevant solutions, keeping in mind the regional disparities and the need for different aspects of support. The growth curve of child neurology is rising across the world and young child neurologists should be ready to face the challenges, seize the opportunities and effect the change. Greater collaboration shall lead to greater knowledge and greater hope for our patients.
Keywords
Global Neurology, Child Neurology, Low-income countries, Resource limited, Epilepsy, Africa
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Saini, A. G., Wilmshurst, J., Moshé , S. L. ., Guekht, A., Legido, A. ., & Vidaurre, J. . (2022). A global perspective on Pediatric Neurology: A tale of different worlds: Global Child Neurology. Journal of the International Child Neurology Association, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.17724/jicna.2022.214
References
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[2].Vardell, E. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Med Ref Serv Q 39, (2020). 67-74. 10.1080/02763869.2019.1693231
[3].Mills, A. Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. N Engl J Med 370, (2014). 552-557. 10.1056/NEJMra1110897
[4].Collaborators, G.B.D.N. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 459-480. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X
[5].Newton, C.R. Global Burden of Pediatric Neurological Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 27, (2018). 10-15. 10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.002
[6].Foreman, K.J., Marquez, N., Dolgert, A., Fukutaki, K., Fullman, N., McGaughey, M., et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 392, (2018). 2052-2090. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5
[7].Global Burden of Disease, C., Adolescent Health, C., Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H.H., Zoeckler, L., Olsen, H.E., et al. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study. JAMA Pediatr 171, (2017). 573-592. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250
[8].Collaborators, G.B.D.E. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 357-375. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X
[9].Phillips, N., Amos, T., Kuo, C., Hoare, J., Ipser, J., Thomas, K.G., et al. HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment in Perinatally Infected Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 138, (2016). 10.1542/peds.2016-0893
[10].Singer, E.J., and Thames, A.D. Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment. Neurol Clin 34, (2016). 33-53. 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.08.003
[11].Bearden, D.R., Ciccone, O., and Patel, A.A. Global Health: Pediatric Neurology. Semin Neurol 38, (2018). 200-207. 10.1055/s-0038-1649336
[12].Thellier, M., Simard, F., Musset, L., Cot, M., Velut, G., Kendjo, E., et al. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000-2015. Med Mal Infect 50, (2020). 99-112. 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002
[13].Atlas: country resources for neurological disorders – 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[14].Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017). Threats to the child’s brain in resource-poor countries. In JICNA. (ICNA.
[15].World Health, O. (2013). World Health Statistics. 2013. A wealth of information of global public health. In. (
[16].Ngugi, A.K., Bottomley, C., Kleinschmidt, I., Wagner, R.G., Kakooza-Mwesige, A., Ae-Ngibise, K., et al. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet neurology 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6; 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6, (2013). 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6; 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6
[17].Meyer, A.C., Dua, T., Ma, J., Saxena, S., and Birbeck, G. Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88, (2010). 260-266. 10.2471/BLT.09.064147; 10.2471/BLT.09.064147
[18].UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2020 fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet. (2020).
[19].Organization, W.H. (2016). Number of people (all ages) living with HIV. In. (
[20].Wilmshurst, J.M., Hammond, C.K., Donald, K., Hoare, J., Cohen, K., and Eley, B. NeuroAIDS in children. Handb Clin Neurol 152, (2018). 99-116. 10.1016/B978-0-444-63849-6.00008-6
[21].Adamu, A.A., Jalo, R.I., Habonimana, D., and Wiysonge, C.S. COVID-19 and routine childhood immunization in Africa: Leveraging systems thinking and implementation science to improve immunization system performance. Int J Infect Dis 98, (2020). 161-165. 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.072
[22].World Health Organisation: Mental Health Gap Action, P. (2009). mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. In. (
[23].Wilmshurst, J.M., Cross, J.H., Newton, C., Kakooza, A.M., Wammanda, R.D., Mallewa, M., et al. Children with epilepsy in Africa: recommendations from the international child neurology association/african child neurology association workshop. Journal of child neurology 28, (2013). 633-644. 10.1177/0883073813482974; 10.1177/0883073813482974
[24].Wilmshurst, J.M., Morrow, B., du Preez, A., Githanga, D., Kennedy, N., and Zar, H.J. The African Pediatric Fellowship Program: Training in Africa for Africans. Pediatrics 137, (2016). 1-12. 10.1542/peds.2015-2741
[25].Franzen, S.R.P., Chandler, C., Siribaddana, S., Atashili, J., Angus, B., and Lang, T. Strategies for developing sustainable health research capacity in low and middle-income countries: a prospective, qualitative study investigating the barriers and enablers to locally led clinical trial conduct in Ethiopia, Cameroon and Sri Lanka. BMJ Open 7, (2017). e017246. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017246
[26].Moshe, S.L. The 2017 Sachs Lecture: Kindling Knowledge in Epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 85, (2018). 5-12. 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.03.013
[27].Moshe, S.L., Perucca, E., Ryvlin, P., and Tomson, T. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet 385, (2015). 884-898. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60456-6
[28].Beal, J., and Moshé, SL Stand Up for Epilepsy: The Global Campaign. In: Epilepsy: Translational, clinical and social aspects. Gusev, E.l., Guekt, A. (eds) chapt. 1, pgs 17-23 (2013).
[29].Beal JC and Moshé SL. Advocacy for epilepsy: From the shadows to centre stage: Stand up for epilepsy. Chapter 29 (Ed) Wolfgang Girsold, Walter Struhal and Thomas Grisold. Oxford pgs. 327-337 (2019).
[30].Akman, O., Moshe, S.L., and Galanopoulou, A.S. Sex-specific consequences of early life seizures. Neurobiol Dis 72 Pt B, (2014). 153-166. 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.021
[31].Arida, R.M., Scorza, F.A., Cavalheiro, E.A., Perucca, E., and Moshe, S.L. Can people with epilepsy enjoy sports? Epilepsy Res 98, (2012). 94-95. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.001
[32].Cameron, A., Bansal, A., Dua, T., Hill, S.R., Moshe, S.L., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A.K., et al. Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries. Epilepsia 53, (2012). 962-969. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03446.x
[33].Galanopoulou, A.S., Engel, J., Jr., and Moshe, S.L. PREFACE: Antiepileptogenesis following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 123, (2019). 1-2. 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.003
[34].Correa, D.J., Kwon, C.S., Connors, S., Fureman, B., Whittemore, V., Jette, N., et al. Applying participatory action research in traumatic brain injury studies to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 123, (2019). 137-144. 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.007
[35].Epilepsy: a public health imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[36].Global burden of epilepsy and the need for coordinated action at the country level to address its health, social and publicknowledge implications. The Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly WHA68.20 Agenda item 13.5. 26 May 2015
[37].Moshe, S.L., Perucca, E., Wiebe, S., and Mathern, G.W. The International League Against Epilepsy at the threshold of its second century: year 2. Epilepsia 53, (2012). 215-219. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03330.x
[38].PD, S., and S., S. Survey of Pediatric Neurology in India. In: Velickovic PM, ed. New developments in child Neurology. Italy,1998; 761-766.
[39].Sahu, J. Child Neurology in India: Challenges and Opportunities. JICNA 2017 17:63.
[40].Gadama, Y., Kamtchum Tatuene, J., Benjamin, L.A., Kamalo, P., and Mallewa, M. Neurological letter from Malawi. Pract Neurol 19, (2019). 356-359. 10.1136/practneurol-2019-002220
[41].Wilmshurst, J.M., Badoe, E., Wammanda, R.D., Mallewa, M., Kakooza-Mwesige, A., Venter, A., et al. Child neurology services in Africa. J Child Neurol 26, (2011). 1555-1563. 10.1177/0883073811420601
[42].Wilmshurst, J. Threats to the child’s brain in resource-poor countries
Journal of the International Child Neurology Association, (2017). 1-17.
[43].Birbeck, G.L., Meyer, A.C., and Ogunniyi, A. Nervous system disorders across the life course in resource-limited settings. Nature 527, (2015). S167-171. 10.1038/nature16031
[44].Singhi, P. Reducing the burden of neurological disorders in children in India- Mission Possible! Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) 50, (2014). 91-107.
[45].Mohammadi, D. Neurology in resource-poor countries: fighting for funding. Lancet Neurol 10, (2011). 953-954. 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70235-6
[46]. Stronger collaboration, better health: global action plan for healthy lives and well-being for all. Strengthening collaboration among multilateral organizations to accelerate country progress on the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[47].Mandl, K.D., Glauser, T., Krantz, I.D., Avillach, P., Bartels, A., Beggs, A.H., et al. The Genomics Research and Innovation Network: creating an interoperable, federated, genomics learning system. Genet Med 22, (2020). 371-380. 10.1038/s41436-019-0646-3
[48].Gourie-Devi, M. Organization of neurology services in India: unmet needs and the way forward. Neurol India 56, (2008). 4-12. 10.4103/0028-3886.39304
[49].King, G., and Chiarello, L. Family-centered care for children with cerebral palsy: conceptual and practical considerations to advance care and practice. J Child Neurol 29, (2014). 1046-1054. 10.1177/0883073814533009
[50].Newton, C.R. Child neurology in resource-poor countries - the role of International Child Neurology Association. Dev Med Child Neurol 51, (2009). 495. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03361.x
References
[1].Vidaurre, J., Clarke, D., Kija, E., Chugani, H., and Moshe, S.L. The Role of National and International Neurology Societies in Global Health. Pediatr Neurol 81, (2018). 3-5. 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.01.008
[2].Vardell, E. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Med Ref Serv Q 39, (2020). 67-74. 10.1080/02763869.2019.1693231
[3].Mills, A. Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. N Engl J Med 370, (2014). 552-557. 10.1056/NEJMra1110897
[4].Collaborators, G.B.D.N. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 459-480. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X
[5].Newton, C.R. Global Burden of Pediatric Neurological Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 27, (2018). 10-15. 10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.002
[6].Foreman, K.J., Marquez, N., Dolgert, A., Fukutaki, K., Fullman, N., McGaughey, M., et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 392, (2018). 2052-2090. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5
[7].Global Burden of Disease, C., Adolescent Health, C., Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H.H., Zoeckler, L., Olsen, H.E., et al. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study. JAMA Pediatr 171, (2017). 573-592. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250
[8].Collaborators, G.B.D.E. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 357-375. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X
[9].Phillips, N., Amos, T., Kuo, C., Hoare, J., Ipser, J., Thomas, K.G., et al. HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment in Perinatally Infected Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 138, (2016). 10.1542/peds.2016-0893
[10].Singer, E.J., and Thames, A.D. Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment. Neurol Clin 34, (2016). 33-53. 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.08.003
[11].Bearden, D.R., Ciccone, O., and Patel, A.A. Global Health: Pediatric Neurology. Semin Neurol 38, (2018). 200-207. 10.1055/s-0038-1649336
[12].Thellier, M., Simard, F., Musset, L., Cot, M., Velut, G., Kendjo, E., et al. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000-2015. Med Mal Infect 50, (2020). 99-112. 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002
[13].Atlas: country resources for neurological disorders – 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[14].Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017). Threats to the child’s brain in resource-poor countries. In JICNA. (ICNA.
[15].World Health, O. (2013). World Health Statistics. 2013. A wealth of information of global public health. In. (
[16].Ngugi, A.K., Bottomley, C., Kleinschmidt, I., Wagner, R.G., Kakooza-Mwesige, A., Ae-Ngibise, K., et al. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet neurology 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6; 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6, (2013). 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6; 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6
[17].Meyer, A.C., Dua, T., Ma, J., Saxena, S., and Birbeck, G. Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88, (2010). 260-266. 10.2471/BLT.09.064147; 10.2471/BLT.09.064147
[18].UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2020 fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet. (2020).
[19].Organization, W.H. (2016). Number of people (all ages) living with HIV. In. (
[20].Wilmshurst, J.M., Hammond, C.K., Donald, K., Hoare, J., Cohen, K., and Eley, B. NeuroAIDS in children. Handb Clin Neurol 152, (2018). 99-116. 10.1016/B978-0-444-63849-6.00008-6
[21].Adamu, A.A., Jalo, R.I., Habonimana, D., and Wiysonge, C.S. COVID-19 and routine childhood immunization in Africa: Leveraging systems thinking and implementation science to improve immunization system performance. Int J Infect Dis 98, (2020). 161-165. 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.072
[22].World Health Organisation: Mental Health Gap Action, P. (2009). mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. In. (
[23].Wilmshurst, J.M., Cross, J.H., Newton, C., Kakooza, A.M., Wammanda, R.D., Mallewa, M., et al. Children with epilepsy in Africa: recommendations from the international child neurology association/african child neurology association workshop. Journal of child neurology 28, (2013). 633-644. 10.1177/0883073813482974; 10.1177/0883073813482974
[24].Wilmshurst, J.M., Morrow, B., du Preez, A., Githanga, D., Kennedy, N., and Zar, H.J. The African Pediatric Fellowship Program: Training in Africa for Africans. Pediatrics 137, (2016). 1-12. 10.1542/peds.2015-2741
[25].Franzen, S.R.P., Chandler, C., Siribaddana, S., Atashili, J., Angus, B., and Lang, T. Strategies for developing sustainable health research capacity in low and middle-income countries: a prospective, qualitative study investigating the barriers and enablers to locally led clinical trial conduct in Ethiopia, Cameroon and Sri Lanka. BMJ Open 7, (2017). e017246. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017246
[26].Moshe, S.L. The 2017 Sachs Lecture: Kindling Knowledge in Epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 85, (2018). 5-12. 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.03.013
[27].Moshe, S.L., Perucca, E., Ryvlin, P., and Tomson, T. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet 385, (2015). 884-898. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60456-6
[28].Beal, J., and Moshé, SL Stand Up for Epilepsy: The Global Campaign. In: Epilepsy: Translational, clinical and social aspects. Gusev, E.l., Guekt, A. (eds) chapt. 1, pgs 17-23 (2013).
[29].Beal JC and Moshé SL. Advocacy for epilepsy: From the shadows to centre stage: Stand up for epilepsy. Chapter 29 (Ed) Wolfgang Girsold, Walter Struhal and Thomas Grisold. Oxford pgs. 327-337 (2019).
[30].Akman, O., Moshe, S.L., and Galanopoulou, A.S. Sex-specific consequences of early life seizures. Neurobiol Dis 72 Pt B, (2014). 153-166. 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.021
[31].Arida, R.M., Scorza, F.A., Cavalheiro, E.A., Perucca, E., and Moshe, S.L. Can people with epilepsy enjoy sports? Epilepsy Res 98, (2012). 94-95. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.001
[32].Cameron, A., Bansal, A., Dua, T., Hill, S.R., Moshe, S.L., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A.K., et al. Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries. Epilepsia 53, (2012). 962-969. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03446.x
[33].Galanopoulou, A.S., Engel, J., Jr., and Moshe, S.L. PREFACE: Antiepileptogenesis following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 123, (2019). 1-2. 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.003
[34].Correa, D.J., Kwon, C.S., Connors, S., Fureman, B., Whittemore, V., Jette, N., et al. Applying participatory action research in traumatic brain injury studies to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 123, (2019). 137-144. 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.007
[35].Epilepsy: a public health imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[36].Global burden of epilepsy and the need for coordinated action at the country level to address its health, social and publicknowledge implications. The Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly WHA68.20 Agenda item 13.5. 26 May 2015
[37].Moshe, S.L., Perucca, E., Wiebe, S., and Mathern, G.W. The International League Against Epilepsy at the threshold of its second century: year 2. Epilepsia 53, (2012). 215-219. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03330.x
[38].PD, S., and S., S. Survey of Pediatric Neurology in India. In: Velickovic PM, ed. New developments in child Neurology. Italy,1998; 761-766.
[39].Sahu, J. Child Neurology in India: Challenges and Opportunities. JICNA 2017 17:63.
[40].Gadama, Y., Kamtchum Tatuene, J., Benjamin, L.A., Kamalo, P., and Mallewa, M. Neurological letter from Malawi. Pract Neurol 19, (2019). 356-359. 10.1136/practneurol-2019-002220
[41].Wilmshurst, J.M., Badoe, E., Wammanda, R.D., Mallewa, M., Kakooza-Mwesige, A., Venter, A., et al. Child neurology services in Africa. J Child Neurol 26, (2011). 1555-1563. 10.1177/0883073811420601
[42].Wilmshurst, J. Threats to the child’s brain in resource-poor countries
Journal of the International Child Neurology Association, (2017). 1-17.
[43].Birbeck, G.L., Meyer, A.C., and Ogunniyi, A. Nervous system disorders across the life course in resource-limited settings. Nature 527, (2015). S167-171. 10.1038/nature16031
[44].Singhi, P. Reducing the burden of neurological disorders in children in India- Mission Possible! Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) 50, (2014). 91-107.
[45].Mohammadi, D. Neurology in resource-poor countries: fighting for funding. Lancet Neurol 10, (2011). 953-954. 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70235-6
[46]. Stronger collaboration, better health: global action plan for healthy lives and well-being for all. Strengthening collaboration among multilateral organizations to accelerate country progress on the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[47].Mandl, K.D., Glauser, T., Krantz, I.D., Avillach, P., Bartels, A., Beggs, A.H., et al. The Genomics Research and Innovation Network: creating an interoperable, federated, genomics learning system. Genet Med 22, (2020). 371-380. 10.1038/s41436-019-0646-3
[48].Gourie-Devi, M. Organization of neurology services in India: unmet needs and the way forward. Neurol India 56, (2008). 4-12. 10.4103/0028-3886.39304
[49].King, G., and Chiarello, L. Family-centered care for children with cerebral palsy: conceptual and practical considerations to advance care and practice. J Child Neurol 29, (2014). 1046-1054. 10.1177/0883073814533009
[50].Newton, C.R. Child neurology in resource-poor countries - the role of International Child Neurology Association. Dev Med Child Neurol 51, (2009). 495. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03361.x
[2].Vardell, E. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Med Ref Serv Q 39, (2020). 67-74. 10.1080/02763869.2019.1693231
[3].Mills, A. Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. N Engl J Med 370, (2014). 552-557. 10.1056/NEJMra1110897
[4].Collaborators, G.B.D.N. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 459-480. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X
[5].Newton, C.R. Global Burden of Pediatric Neurological Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 27, (2018). 10-15. 10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.002
[6].Foreman, K.J., Marquez, N., Dolgert, A., Fukutaki, K., Fullman, N., McGaughey, M., et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 392, (2018). 2052-2090. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5
[7].Global Burden of Disease, C., Adolescent Health, C., Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H.H., Zoeckler, L., Olsen, H.E., et al. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study. JAMA Pediatr 171, (2017). 573-592. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250
[8].Collaborators, G.B.D.E. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18, (2019). 357-375. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30454-X
[9].Phillips, N., Amos, T., Kuo, C., Hoare, J., Ipser, J., Thomas, K.G., et al. HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment in Perinatally Infected Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 138, (2016). 10.1542/peds.2016-0893
[10].Singer, E.J., and Thames, A.D. Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment. Neurol Clin 34, (2016). 33-53. 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.08.003
[11].Bearden, D.R., Ciccone, O., and Patel, A.A. Global Health: Pediatric Neurology. Semin Neurol 38, (2018). 200-207. 10.1055/s-0038-1649336
[12].Thellier, M., Simard, F., Musset, L., Cot, M., Velut, G., Kendjo, E., et al. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000-2015. Med Mal Infect 50, (2020). 99-112. 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002
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