Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The information on dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) - including the fundamental epidemiological features, clinical presentations, radiological patterns of injury, the magnitude of motor disability, neurological outcomes, and the impact of chronic disability on the quality of life of the individual, family and the society, is derived from registries and studies from high-income countries. Despite a presumed higher burden of CP, there is a paucity of studies from low-resource settings, especially on DCP. The high-income countries have robust epidemiological and clinical data, facilities for early rehabilitation and reintegration into society, the predominance of genetic causes, and established preventive therapies. On the contrary, there is a greater burden of cases in low-resource settings, with limited rehabilitation options, late detection, the dominance of acquired and preventable causes, and limited management options in the chronic care of these patients. The dearth of resources is also reflected in the generation of research data using standardized scales of assessment and uniformity of definitions. The current brief review on the topic focuses on the perspectives from low-resource settings in the diagnosis and management of children with DCP. The paper is a summary of the presentation in the symposium on ‘Perspectives from Low Resource Settings’ at the ‘International Child Neurology Congress 2022, in Antalya, Turkey in October 2022. The main objective of the symposium and subsequent papers is to help the readers identify challenges related to specific pediatric neurological disorders in resource-limited settings.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Arushi Gahlot Saini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- .Bax, M., Goldstein, M., Rosenbaum, P., Leviton, A., Paneth, N., Dan, B., Jacobsson, B., and Damiano, D. Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Dev Med Child Neurol 47, (2005). 571-576.
- .Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE). Dev Med Child Neurol 42, (2000). 816-824.
- .Krageloh-Mann, I. Cerebral palsy: towards developmental neuroscience. Dev Med Child Neurol 47, (2005). 435.
- .Himmelmann, K., McManus, V., Hagberg, G., Uvebrant, P., Krageloh-Mann, I., and Cans, C. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy in Europe: trends in prevalence and severity. Arch Dis Child 94, (2009). 921-926.
- .Himmelmann, K., and Uvebrant, P. Function and neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 53, (2011). 516-521.
- .Towsley, K., Shevell, M.I., and Dagenais, L. Population-based study of neuroimaging findings in children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15, (2011). 29-35.
- .Kyllerman, M., Bager, B., Bensch, J., Bille, B., Olow, I., and Voss, H. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy. I. Clinical categories, associated neurological abnormalities and incidences. Acta Paediatr Scand 71, (1982). 543-550.
- .Singhi, P.D., Ray, M., and Suri, G. Clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy in north India--an analysis of 1,000 cases. J Trop Pediatr 48, (2002). 162-166.
- .Singhi, P., and Saini, A.G. Changes in the clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy over two decades in North India--an analysis of 1212 cases. J Trop Pediatr 59, (2013). 434-440.
- .Hou, M., Zhao, J., and Yu, R. Recent advances in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. World J Pediatr 2, (2006). 23-28.
- .Sharma, P., Sharma, U., and Kabra, A. Cerebral palsy--clinical profile and predisposing factors. Indian Pediatr 36, (1999). 1038-1042.
- .Preel, M., Rackauskaite, G., Larsen, M.L., Laursen, B., Lorentzen, J., Born, A.P., Langhoff-Roos, J., Uldall, P., and Hoei-Hansen, C.E. Children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy are severely affected as compared to bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Acta Paediatr 108, (2019). 1850-1856.
- .Saini, A.G., Hassan, I., Sharma, K., Muralidharan, J., Dhawan, S., Saini, L., Suthar, R., Sahu, J., Sankhyan, N., and Singhi, P. Status Dystonicus in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of Literature. J Child Neurol 37, (2022). 441-450.
- .Saini, A.G., Sankhyan, N., Malhi, P., Ahuja, C., Khandelwal, N., and Singhi, P. Hyperbilirubinemia and Asphyxia in Children With Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr Neurol 120, (2021). 80-85.
- .Kyllerman, M. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy. II. Pathogenetic risk factors and intra-uterine growth. Acta Paediatr Scand 71, (1982). 551-558.
- .Himmelmann, K., Hagberg, G., Wiklund, L.M., Eek, M.N., and Uvebrant, P. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a population-based study of children born between 1991 and 1998. Dev Med Child Neurol 49, (2007). 246-251.
- .Foley, J. Dyskinetic and dystonic cerebral palsy and birth. Acta Paediatr 81, (1992). 57-60.
- .Yokochi, K., Aiba, K., Kodama, M., and Fujimoto, S. Magnetic resonance imaging in athetotic cerebral palsied children. Acta Paediatr Scand 80, (1991). 818-823.
- .Rosenbloom, L. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy and birth asphyxia. Dev Med Child Neurol 36, (1994). 285-289.
- .Guitet, M., Poo, P., Abenia, P., and Campistol, J. [Magnetic Resonance in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy secondary to perinatal injury]. Rev Neurol 35, (2002). 317-321.
- .Krageloh-Mann, I., Helber, A., Mader, I., Staudt, M., Wolff, M., Groenendaal, F., and DeVries, L. Bilateral lesions of thalamus and basal ganglia: origin and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 44, (2002). 477-484.
- .Himmelmann, K., Hagberg, G., Beckung, E., Hagberg, B., and Uvebrant, P. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. IX. Prevalence and origin in the birth-year period 1995-1998. Acta Paediatr 94, (2005). 287-294.
- .Wiley, C.C., Lai, N., Hill, C., and Burke, G. Nursery practices and detection of jaundice after newborn discharge. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152, (1998). 972-975.
- .Amor, D.J., Craig, J.E., Delatycki, M.B., and Reddihough, D. Genetic factors in athetoid cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 16, (2001). 793-797.
- .Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 114, (2004). 297-316.
- .Hagberg, B., Hagberg, G., and Olow, I. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. I. Analysis of the general changes. Acta Paediatr Scand 64, (1975). 187-192.
- .Barry, M.J., VanSwearingen, J.M., and Albright, A.L. Reliability and responsiveness of the Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol 41, (1999). 404-411.
- .Monbaliu, E., Ortibus, E., Roelens, F., Desloovere, K., Deklerck, J., Prinzie, P., de Cock, P., and Feys, H. Rating scales for dystonia in cerebral palsy: reliability and validity. Dev Med Child Neurol 52, (2010). 570-575.
- .Sanger, T.D. Pathophysiology of pediatric movement disorders. J Child Neurol 18 Suppl 1, (2003). S9-24.
- .Menkes, J.H., and Curran, J. Clinical and MR correlates in children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15, (1994). 451-457.
- .Yilmaz, Y., Alper, G., Kilicoglu, G., Celik, L., Karadeniz, L., and Yilmaz-Degirmenci, S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. J Child Neurol 16, (2001). 452-455.
- .Govaert, P., Lequin, M., Swarte, R., Robben, S., De Coo, R., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., De Rijke, Y., Sinaasappel, M., and Barkovich, J. Changes in globus pallidus with (pre)term kernicterus. Pediatrics 112, (2003). 1256-1263.
- .Gkoltsiou, K., Tzoufi, M., Counsell, S., Rutherford, M., and Cowan, F. Serial brain MRI and ultrasound findings: relation to gestational age, bilirubin level, neonatal neurologic status and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants at risk of kernicterus. Early Hum Dev 84, (2008). 829-838.
References
.Bax, M., Goldstein, M., Rosenbaum, P., Leviton, A., Paneth, N., Dan, B., Jacobsson, B., and Damiano, D. Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Dev Med Child Neurol 47, (2005). 571-576.
.Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE). Dev Med Child Neurol 42, (2000). 816-824.
.Krageloh-Mann, I. Cerebral palsy: towards developmental neuroscience. Dev Med Child Neurol 47, (2005). 435.
.Himmelmann, K., McManus, V., Hagberg, G., Uvebrant, P., Krageloh-Mann, I., and Cans, C. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy in Europe: trends in prevalence and severity. Arch Dis Child 94, (2009). 921-926.
.Himmelmann, K., and Uvebrant, P. Function and neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 53, (2011). 516-521.
.Towsley, K., Shevell, M.I., and Dagenais, L. Population-based study of neuroimaging findings in children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15, (2011). 29-35.
.Kyllerman, M., Bager, B., Bensch, J., Bille, B., Olow, I., and Voss, H. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy. I. Clinical categories, associated neurological abnormalities and incidences. Acta Paediatr Scand 71, (1982). 543-550.
.Singhi, P.D., Ray, M., and Suri, G. Clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy in north India--an analysis of 1,000 cases. J Trop Pediatr 48, (2002). 162-166.
.Singhi, P., and Saini, A.G. Changes in the clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy over two decades in North India--an analysis of 1212 cases. J Trop Pediatr 59, (2013). 434-440.
.Hou, M., Zhao, J., and Yu, R. Recent advances in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. World J Pediatr 2, (2006). 23-28.
.Sharma, P., Sharma, U., and Kabra, A. Cerebral palsy--clinical profile and predisposing factors. Indian Pediatr 36, (1999). 1038-1042.
.Preel, M., Rackauskaite, G., Larsen, M.L., Laursen, B., Lorentzen, J., Born, A.P., Langhoff-Roos, J., Uldall, P., and Hoei-Hansen, C.E. Children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy are severely affected as compared to bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Acta Paediatr 108, (2019). 1850-1856.
.Saini, A.G., Hassan, I., Sharma, K., Muralidharan, J., Dhawan, S., Saini, L., Suthar, R., Sahu, J., Sankhyan, N., and Singhi, P. Status Dystonicus in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of Literature. J Child Neurol 37, (2022). 441-450.
.Saini, A.G., Sankhyan, N., Malhi, P., Ahuja, C., Khandelwal, N., and Singhi, P. Hyperbilirubinemia and Asphyxia in Children With Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr Neurol 120, (2021). 80-85.
.Kyllerman, M. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy. II. Pathogenetic risk factors and intra-uterine growth. Acta Paediatr Scand 71, (1982). 551-558.
.Himmelmann, K., Hagberg, G., Wiklund, L.M., Eek, M.N., and Uvebrant, P. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a population-based study of children born between 1991 and 1998. Dev Med Child Neurol 49, (2007). 246-251.
.Foley, J. Dyskinetic and dystonic cerebral palsy and birth. Acta Paediatr 81, (1992). 57-60.
.Yokochi, K., Aiba, K., Kodama, M., and Fujimoto, S. Magnetic resonance imaging in athetotic cerebral palsied children. Acta Paediatr Scand 80, (1991). 818-823.
.Rosenbloom, L. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy and birth asphyxia. Dev Med Child Neurol 36, (1994). 285-289.
.Guitet, M., Poo, P., Abenia, P., and Campistol, J. [Magnetic Resonance in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy secondary to perinatal injury]. Rev Neurol 35, (2002). 317-321.
.Krageloh-Mann, I., Helber, A., Mader, I., Staudt, M., Wolff, M., Groenendaal, F., and DeVries, L. Bilateral lesions of thalamus and basal ganglia: origin and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 44, (2002). 477-484.
.Himmelmann, K., Hagberg, G., Beckung, E., Hagberg, B., and Uvebrant, P. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. IX. Prevalence and origin in the birth-year period 1995-1998. Acta Paediatr 94, (2005). 287-294.
.Wiley, C.C., Lai, N., Hill, C., and Burke, G. Nursery practices and detection of jaundice after newborn discharge. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152, (1998). 972-975.
.Amor, D.J., Craig, J.E., Delatycki, M.B., and Reddihough, D. Genetic factors in athetoid cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 16, (2001). 793-797.
.Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 114, (2004). 297-316.
.Hagberg, B., Hagberg, G., and Olow, I. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. I. Analysis of the general changes. Acta Paediatr Scand 64, (1975). 187-192.
.Barry, M.J., VanSwearingen, J.M., and Albright, A.L. Reliability and responsiveness of the Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol 41, (1999). 404-411.
.Monbaliu, E., Ortibus, E., Roelens, F., Desloovere, K., Deklerck, J., Prinzie, P., de Cock, P., and Feys, H. Rating scales for dystonia in cerebral palsy: reliability and validity. Dev Med Child Neurol 52, (2010). 570-575.
.Sanger, T.D. Pathophysiology of pediatric movement disorders. J Child Neurol 18 Suppl 1, (2003). S9-24.
.Menkes, J.H., and Curran, J. Clinical and MR correlates in children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15, (1994). 451-457.
.Yilmaz, Y., Alper, G., Kilicoglu, G., Celik, L., Karadeniz, L., and Yilmaz-Degirmenci, S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. J Child Neurol 16, (2001). 452-455.
.Govaert, P., Lequin, M., Swarte, R., Robben, S., De Coo, R., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., De Rijke, Y., Sinaasappel, M., and Barkovich, J. Changes in globus pallidus with (pre)term kernicterus. Pediatrics 112, (2003). 1256-1263.
.Gkoltsiou, K., Tzoufi, M., Counsell, S., Rutherford, M., and Cowan, F. Serial brain MRI and ultrasound findings: relation to gestational age, bilirubin level, neonatal neurologic status and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants at risk of kernicterus. Early Hum Dev 84, (2008). 829-838.